According to popular belief, both are home to spirits and ghosts. A nail is driven into the tree where the branch was cut, keeping the soul of the suicide in place and preventing them from making mischief. If he could plant that nail and come back unscathed! 2005;89(4):6745. PubMedGoogle Scholar. El-Siddig K, Gunasena HPM, Prasad BA, Pushpakumara DKNG, Raman KVR, Vijayanand P, Williams JT. The largest section of Virgin Islands Books & Souvenirs. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Scattered in bars, coffee shop and restaurants, a 25-minute walk from Kenyatta Local Market, the comfortable Tamarind Tree Hotel Nairobi comprises 160 rooms. Int J Poultry Sci. The dare of an idle young boy. After all, they have a right to exist, too, and a right to space and peace. Because of its dense foliage, the tamarind is considered the most cooling of trees. Fabulous ambience and a variety of specialty cocktails. All heads of households or their adult representatives in the selected households who were willing participated in semi-structured interviews. Admitting youre afraid? These nails are everywhere! An old branch cracked and fell. Some African tribes hold the tamarind tree to be sacred and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one. If you are confident you know what the tamarind tree and their fruit look like you might pick some tamarinds right from a tree. Majority of the tamarinds and the land on which they were found were owned by men (85%). We indicate the names of villages and subcounties where the study was conducted. Tamarindus indica L. is one of the indigenous fruit tree species that traditionally contributes to food security and ecosystem stability in sub-Saharan Africa. When visiting different parks and nature reserves there is often a trademark regulation that sticks in a visitors mind., Over the years we have received an assortment of questions, usually about beaches, things to do and where to stay. Corrections? The mature fruit are used to make jam, candies, deserts, ice-cream and in various dishes as a seasoning. Uganda Districts Information Handbook. Figure3 shows details of 15 observed T. indica/other trees/crop combinations and their frequencies. Shadows moved around the tombs. , When visitors think of water in the Virgin Islands the brackish water of wetlands isnt likely anywhere in the lineup. PubMed Central The specific objectives were 1) to identify knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with T. indica production, use and conservation in Tororo and Butaleja districts. The relevance of IK is further illustrated by the traditional practice of feeding tamarind fruit pulp to pregnant women and warriors to boost health and recovery. In beverage form, it was commonly used to treat diarrhea, constipation, fever, and malaria. A cross sectional survey was conducted in two districts purposively selected from the T. indica natural range. In Parotta JA, Oteng-Yeboa A, Cobbinah J (editors). Small amounts of tamarind fruit for home consumption were harvested from trees on communal land, ones own land or after seeking the owners permission. Traditional forest-related knowledge: sustaining communities, ecosystems and biocultural diversity. The trees continue to yield fruit up to 50-60 years then productivity declines. Whatever you do, dont turn around!, Look! Nobody sees them. Government of Uganda. Antioxidants in some Ugandan fruits. Its story is one of a dare. Ethnomedicinal uses for humans and ethnoveterinary uses had the lowest percent citations (13 and 15% respectively). Yusuf AA, Mofio BM, Ahmed AB. 1997. And my friends have abandoned me! statement and Regional Soil Conservation Unit. http://www.fluorideresearch.org/432/files/FJ2010_v43_n2_p134-140.pdf. Support Scroll.in Fifty two out of the 60 tamarinds (87%) encountered in quadrats grew among other crops or trees. In homes, the fruits were dehusked and soaked in water to soften. Tamarind is a tropical fruit that's widely used in Southeast Asian and Caribbean cuisines. Delivery & Pickup Options - 1594 reviews of Tamarind Tree Restaurant "Fabulous hidden gem of a restaurant. Relative frequency of citation of the different uses provides insight into usage levels and IK possessed. He was barely able to grab another to carry his weight and his fear. Fifty three percent of those who were growing T. indica did not carry out any silvicultural practices. However school age children in both rural and urban areas appreciated tamarind fruit. His friends admiration was matched only by their terror. You could hear them running. My god! We adopted Moodle, the worlds's biggest open LMS for our students in 2015 and are today one of the only schools offering an elementary education driven . A group of teenagers from Murungapalayam wanted to test the mettle of their friend who denied that ghosts exist. During this time, water the tree once a week. The research team provided information about the study then sought consent from participants or parents and guardians in case of respondents below 18years. Ill do it! he said in spite of the fear that was consuming him. Population structure and regeneration status of medicinal tree Illicium griffithii in relation to disturbance gradients in temperate broad-leaved forest of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Article Tamarind wood was reported to be a favourite for firing limestone kilns as it produces intense heat. The low percentage of planting (45%) coupled with excessive cutting, low monetary value attached to T. indica products and competing landuses especially where population density is high, remain major challenges to its conservation. 1996. http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff. Hurry up! As he got closer to the tree, Manus shadow grew smaller and the tree climbed higher into the sky. PubMed The hammer pounded all by itself. The majority of respondents viewed T. indica as a valuable resource. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). You could hear them breathing. Dey S, Swamp D, Anju S, Ananya D. In vivo efficacy of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L) fruit extract on experimental fluoride exposure in rats. Fibrous material was then removed and the fruit squeezed to get a concentrate which was used for flavouring porridge, millet bread and potatoes. If Id fallen, theyd just say the ghosts pushed me. Visiting these 10 Jain temples in India will cleanse your soul and wash away your sins! We hypothesized that the indigenous people of Eastern Uganda have used T. indica for generations and developed practices that promote its conservation and therefore we expected that they possess an elaborate indigenous knowledge (IK) system and that most of them have planted the species. Some African tribes venerate the tamarind tree as sacred. He cast a furtive glance down. Unable to make any movement, his closest friend shouted, Manu, be careful!, He walked as calmly as possible. Everything struck him as fragile, treacherous and invisible. Whys this cold wind hitting my face? Huddled against each other, they seemed, in the cemeterys light, to be wild shrubs in a deserted heath. Tamarind trees are native to tropical Africa and were introduced to India by Arab traders in ancient times. Indigenous knowledge and uses concurred with scientifically proven nutritional and medicinal attributes of T. indica in literature which is significant given current trends towards affordable functional foods. Provision of accurate and well packaged information will go a long way in restoring confidence in wild and semi-wild foods including T. indica. The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems. And why has the American Right gone to war with it? The selective sparing of T. indica seedlings points to the high value attached to it compared to other tree species in the study area. Why doesnt he go faster? They moved together. Tamarindus indica possesses great potential to address various nutritional, health, socioeconomic and environmental constraints [7, 11, 12]. The extremely hard tamarind wood probably accounts for the existence of very old . Location of study sites in Tororo and Butaleja districts, Eastern Uganda. As would be expected it is cooler in the shade. Do I climb up? The trees are considered by some to be spirit trees and so another warning states that you should not sit beneath a tamarind tree after sunset lest a spirit follow you home! They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Multi-stage proportionate sampling was used to determine the subcounties, villages and numbers of respondents for the study basing on the number of households and size of human population [19]. Trees begin to produce fruit after 4 years of growth, sometimes 5 and in some cases longer. 2008. https://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113396756.html. The tamarind tree produces a natural air conditioning. Its silvery light revealed all the undulations of the landscape. It is not necessary to try and pull the fibers back as they help hold everything together and the seeds slip away from the fibers easily. Silently. His heart was beating hard. An eternity passed before he came to the foot of the tree. Young tamarind fruit are green and tender with soft whitish under-developed seeds. Dordrecht: Springer; 2012. p. 136. 2007;2(1). One by one, he remembered all those legends. No matter! Tamarind propagation and silvicultural practices. 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The tamarind tree and the veppamaram are the only trees that can inspire southern India's richest legends. The pulp is also used in traditional medicine and as a metal polish. He felt presences around him. Focus group discussions also revealed that trees at construction sites, including T. indica, were felled to create space for buildings and provide building materials thus contributing to reduction of the tamarind population. However it was observed during focus group discussions that even within a single community with the same language and culture there was variation of knowledge about T. indica between the youth and the older generation. Fruit pulp was the most commonly used tamarind product. J Food Eng. Seizing the opportunity, all the others shook off their inertia and cowardice, begging him to drop the idea. 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census Annex 3. Sugar or honey was often added to enhance taste. A few strands of fiber extend from the stalk around the pulp covered seeds. Were afraid. [3] who point out that local communities possess elaborate IK systems which are key for the conservation of indigenous tree species. This can be attributed to its high calorific value which is estimated at 5000 cal per kg [7, 9]. The mature tamarinds have brittle shells. Incidences of damages on the trees were minimal (5.0%). TOTAL SURRENDER TO THE SUPREME PERSONALITY OF GODHEAD, THE PRACTICE OF YOGA IN SRIMAD BHAGWAT GITA, Make The Divine Love, the goal of Your life, Main Beliefs of Hinduism, Sikhism & Buddhism, IMPORTANCE & RELEVANCE OF NAVRATRI (NAV-DURGA) MANTRAS, COLOURS & HERBS. If I go, will the ghosts let me leave in peace?I never thought that climbing up a tree could be so hard. CAS Hes really climbing. Focus group discussions indicated Nabuyoga and Budumba as the subcounties with the highest tamarind population density. Afr J Ecol. The yellow flowers are borne in small clusters. While visiting the U.S. Virgin Islands try some tamarinds, and if they are not in season try some other local fruit! Forgive me, he said. The leaves have also been used in dying processes and fruit mixtures for cleaning silver and cooper. The tree grows to about 24 metres (80 feet) tall and bears alternate, pinnately compound (feather-formed) leaves with leaflets that are about 2 cm (0.75 inch) long. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Several beliefs and taboos regarding T. indica persist. Let us know. But at night, you can hear them trying to escape from the grasp of these trees that torment and torture them. Hammer this damn nail and get back! He picked up his pace. Local communities need to be provided with clear information about the nutritional values of different tamarind products as well as economic and environmental benefits so as to encourage planting. The couple looked on fearfully. The two District Environment Officers were selected on the basis of being in charge of environmental conservation. He forced himself to look forward. (Chapter 1). There are no ghosts! Tamarind fruit pulp is found in the pea-like pods (up to 15cm long by 2.5cm across) surrounding one to twelve seeds. Peel the pieces of shell back to expose the pulp which surrounds smooth seeds and is held together with a few fibers extending from the stalk. Website Take me there. Article Is this the branch that will take me to the top? He had already climbed quite high. Curr Sci. Bunch of wimps!, Yes we are. Although focus group discussions indicated that T. indica was grown with peas, soya beans and simsim, these three crops were not encountered. A shudder ran through them all. Google Scholar. Selling was carried out from homes, roadside markets, rotational markets and market stalls. In: Parrotta JA, Trosper RL, editors. Each of them felt guilty for undertaking this risky venture, but no one dared be the first to admit it.They kept walking. All these superstition have to be left behind because Indian Cooking has tamarind pulp or juice added up in various dishes. The observation that most of the T. indica on homesteads and abandoned compounds was in the vicinity of graves also points to the close relationship between culture and T. indica in these communities. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They went before him. Its trunk was already enormous. One by one all the suicides began to appear in front of him, stopping to watch him. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. A strange feeling of fear and foreboding overwhelmed them. The guard had gone.The moment was well chosen. Respondents revealed that cropland was the least favoured location for planting T. indica because it competed for limited space with foodcrops. Tamarind fruit beverage was also commonly given to rejuvenate those returning from war. Respondents in Butaleja district did not report selling any tamarind product. The more he looked at it, the taller it seemed to grow. Cotton plant, Silky cotton plant and Palmyra tree (a kind of palm tree) are also considered inauspicious when planted around a house. But it's a staple ingredient in other Asian . Article According to De Caluw et al. He climbed down from his branch. To certain Burmese, the tree represents the dwelling-place . Cassava was the most common crop found growing with T. indica. Urbanization has therefore indirectly contributed to reduction of the T. indica population. Nikon Forestry 550/Pro) - sine method . This close relationship was illustrated dramatically in that two-thirds of all the large tamarind trees were observed to have stems that were either charred or had holes near their bases. Approximately half of the respondents had T. indica on their compounds or in homegardens (53%). It can grow up to 80 feet in height. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Applying gentle pressure will cause the shell to crack. To certain Burmese, the tree represents the dwelling-place . The authors declare that they have no competing interests. That IK and uses in the study area concurred with scientifically proven nutritional and medicinal attributes of T. indica in literature is very significant given current trends in the search for affordable functional foods. Furthermore T. indica is easily accessible to all community members. It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible fruit, the sweet and sour pulp of which is extensively used in foods, beverages, and traditional medicines. The study aimed at assessing the influence of IK, attitudes and practices on the use and conservation of T. indica. Youth in rural areas were more interested in earning an income from tamarind products. Some African tribes venerate the tamarind tree as sacred. The next day, they found Manus body on a branch, bent in two. Scrape the pulp off the seed with your teeth and spit the seed out. The IK possessed by locals was shrouded in myths and superstitions. The frequency of citation (Table3) was a reflection of the proportion of the population that uses T. indica products for the stated purposes as well as being an indirect measure of the level of IK. Bourou S, Bowe C, Diouf M, Van Damme P. Ecological and human impacts on stand density and distribution of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) in Senegal. 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